2028 presidential eligibility

Who can run for president in 2028?

To be eligible, a candidate must be a natural-born U.S. citizen, at least 35 years old, and a U.S. resident for at least 14 years. The 22nd Amendment adds a fourth constraint: no person may be elected president more than twice. Every major 2028 contender is eligible except Donald Trump and Barack Obama, who have both served two elected terms.

Updated
Article II + 22nd Amendment

The four eligibility requirements

Natural-born U.S. citizen

Article II requires the president to be a natural-born citizen - someone who was a U.S. citizen at birth, either by being born on U.S. soil or born abroad to at least one U.S.-citizen parent. Naturalized citizens (those who became citizens later) are ineligible.

Source: U.S. Constitution, Article II

At least 35 years old at inauguration

The 35-year minimum is measured at the time of taking office (Inauguration Day, January 20, 2029), not at the time of filing or campaigning. There is no maximum age limit.

Source: U.S. Constitution, Article II

14-year U.S. residency

The candidate must have been a resident within the United States for at least 14 years. This requirement does not have to be continuous and is interpreted as residency at some point in one's life, not immediately before the election.

Source: U.S. Constitution, Article II

Not previously elected president twice (22nd Amendment)

A fourth practical constraint: no person may be elected president more than twice. This applies to anyone who has won two presidential elections, regardless of whether the terms were consecutive. Two-term presidents like Donald Trump and Barack Obama are barred.

Source: U.S. Constitution, 22nd Amendment

Eligible

Major contenders who can run

JD VanceVice President

Never elected president; meets all Article II requirements.

Kamala HarrisFormer Vice President

Was VP, not president; never elected to the presidency.

Gavin NewsomGovernor of California

Natural-born citizen, over 35, never elected president.

Pete ButtigiegFormer Transportation Secretary

Natural-born citizen, will be 46 at inauguration, never elected president.

Alexandria Ocasio-CortezU.S. Representative

Born in New York in 1989; will be 39 at the January 20, 2029 inauguration - above the 35 minimum.

Marco RubioSecretary of State

Natural-born citizen, over 35, never elected president.

Ineligible

Who is barred and why

Donald Trump

Elected president in 2016 and 2024 - two elected terms, the 22nd Amendment maximum.

Full eligibility analysis
Barack Obama

Elected president in 2008 and 2012 - two elected terms, the 22nd Amendment maximum.

Full eligibility analysis
Zohran Mamdani

Born in Kampala, Uganda in 1991 and naturalized in 2018; not a natural-born citizen under Article II.

Full eligibility analysis
Quick answers

2028 presidential eligibility: FAQ

Who can run for president in 2028?
To run for president in 2028, a candidate must be (1) a natural-born U.S. citizen, (2) at least 35 years old by Inauguration Day on January 20, 2029, (3) a U.S. resident for at least 14 years, and (4) not have already been elected president twice. These requirements come from Article II of the Constitution and the 22nd Amendment.
Can Donald Trump run for president in 2028?
No. The 22nd Amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice. Trump was elected in 2016 and 2024, reaching the two-term limit, so he cannot be elected president in 2028.
Can Barack Obama run for president in 2028?
No. Obama was elected in 2008 and 2012, reaching the 22nd Amendment's two-term limit. He is constitutionally ineligible to be elected president again.
Is Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez eligible to run for president in 2028?
Yes. AOC was born in New York City in 1989, making her a natural-born citizen. She turns 39 in October 2028 and would be 39 at the January 20, 2029 inauguration - above the 35-year minimum. She has never been elected president, so no 22nd Amendment bar applies.
Is Zohran Mamdani eligible to run for president?
No. Mamdani was born in Kampala, Uganda in 1991 and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2018. The Constitution requires the president to be a natural-born citizen - one who was a citizen at birth. Naturalized citizens do not qualify.
Can a naturalized citizen run for president?
No. Article II of the Constitution requires the president to be a natural-born citizen. A person who was born as a foreign national and later naturalized is ineligible for the presidency or vice presidency.
Can a felon run for president?
Yes. The Constitution lists only three eligibility requirements for the presidency: natural-born citizenship, age 35+, and 14-year residency. A criminal conviction is not among them and does not automatically disqualify a candidate.
Can Trump or Obama be vice president in 2028?
Almost certainly not. The 12th Amendment states that no person constitutionally ineligible to be president can be vice president. Since the 22nd Amendment makes two-term presidents ineligible for the presidency, most constitutional scholars conclude that bar extends to the vice presidency as well. The question has not been tested in court.